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A slender tube via which eggs finds its way from an ovary to the uterus is known as a Fallopian tube. In the female reproductive tract, there is one ovary and one fallopian tube on each side of the uterus.
Cilia are the small hair-like projections found on the cells of the lining of the Fallopian tube. For the movement of the egg through the channel (tube) into the uterus, these tubal cilia are important. In case, because of some infection, the tubal cilia are damaged, the egg might stay in the tube instead of getting ‘pushed along’ normally.
Infection can also lead to partial or complete blockage of the tube with scab tissue, actually stopping the egg from getting inside the uterus.
The chance of an ectopic pregnancy where the pregnancy develops inside the Fallopian tube or somewhere else in the abnormal location outside the uterus increases with any growth (like an infection, tumours, endometriosis, or scar tissue in the pelvic adhesions (pelvis) that lead to chinking or twisting of the tube) which rupture the Fallopian tube or shrink its diameter.
The Fallopian tube, also known as the uterine tube is meant to carry an egg to uterus from the ovary. Normally a woman has two uterine tubes in her body, unless a surgery, biological abnormality or ectopic pregnancy lead to the loss of one tube.
The ampulla is a part of Fallopian tube usually where an egg gets fertilized by male sperm. Then the derived fertilized egg develops into blastocyst and gets into the uterus where it remains developing until birth.
It is seen in some women who suffer from an ectopic or tubal pregnancy that keeps their Fallopian tube and their lives as well in trouble. When a fertilized egg stays in the tube instead of moving to the uterus, it results in Ectopic pregnancy. A surgery that terminates the pregnancy is performed in order to treat it.
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Obesity, which is an important health issue, is a common problem among women of reproductive age. Overweight and obese women are at high risk for reproductive health. The risk of subfecundity and infertility, conception rates, miscarriage rates, and pregnancy complications are increased in these women. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Book an Appointment Now Call 78980–47572 / 80852–77666 For more detail visit www.mohakivf.com
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“Should we be using new tool of Flageliar Analysis and Sperm Tracking ( FAST)?”
INTRODUCTION: Can flagellar analyses be scaled up to provide automated tracking of motile sperm and does knowledge of the flagellar waveform provide new insight not provided by routine head tracking? The clinical gold standard for sperm motility analysis comprises a manual analysis by a trained professional, with existing automated sperm diagnostics.
computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA)] relying on tracking the sperm head and extrapolating measures. It is not currently possible with either of these approaches to track the sperm flagellar waveform for large numbers of cells in order to unlock the potential wealth of information enclosed within.
SUMMARY: Using the software tool IFlagellar Analysis and Sperm Tracking (FAST)! Gallagher et al’ analysed 176 experimental microscopy videos and have tracked the head and flagellum of 205 progressive cells in diluted semen (DSM), 119 progressive cells in a high-viscosity medium (HVM) and 42 stuck cells in a low-viscosity medium. The software tool in this manuscript has been developed to enable high-throughput, repeatable, accurate and verifiable analysis of the sperm &Filar beat. Unsc reened donors were recruited after giving informed consent. They described fully automated tracking and analysis of flagellar movement for large cell numbers. The analysis is demonstrated on freely motile cells in low- and high•-viscosity fluids and validated on published data of tethered cells undergoing pharmacological hyperactivation. Direct analysis of the flagella,- beat reveals that the CASA measure ‘beat cross frequency’ does not measure beat frequency; attempting to fit a straight line between the two measures gives R2R2 values of 0.042 and 0_00054 for cells in DSM and I-IVM, respectively. A new measurement, track centroid speed, is validated as an accurate differentiator or progressive motility. Coupled with fluid mechanics codes, waveform data enable extraction of experimentally intractable quantities such as energy dissipation, disturbance of the surrounding medium and viscous stresses. They provide a powerful and accessible research tool, enabling connection of the mechanical activity of the sperm to its motility and effect on its environment. The FAST software package has only been tested for use with negative phase contrast microscopy. Other imaging modalities, with bright cells on a dark background, have not been tested but may work. FAST is not designed to analyse raw semen; it is specifically for precise analysis of flagellar kinematics, as that is the promising area for computer use. flagellar capture will always require that cells are at a dilution where their paths do not frequently cross.
CONCLUSION: High-throughput flagellar waveform tracking and analysis enable measurement of experimentally intractable quantities such as energy dissipation, disturbance of the surrounding medium and viscous stresses, which are not possible by tracking the sperm head alone. Combining tracked flagella with mathematical modelling has the potential to reveal new mechanistic insight. By providing the capability as a free-to-use software package, ability to accurately quantify the flagellar waveform in large populations of motile cells will enable an abundant array of diagnostic, toxicological and therapeutic possibilities, as well as creating new opportunities for assessing and treating male subfertility.
Studies say that one out of five pregnancies due to IVF may result in multiple births. Usually, it is seen because during IVF, sometimes multiple embryos might be inserted into the uterus in order to increase the chances of giving birth to twins. Because of this, sometimes more than one embryo gets implanted in the uterine lining and result in twin pregnancy.
Although, even a single embryo can lead to a twin pregnancy in case of IVF when one egg may split and lead to the formation of two zygotes. These are termed as monozygotic twins. While in the case of twins as a result of two separate eggs are called Dizygotic twins. This is a result of transferring two or more embryos in the uterus.
IVF treatment proved to be a blessing for the women who are unable to conceive normally or in other words, are infertile. This medical procedure increases the chances of a woman to get pregnant after trying naturally for long.
Why sometimes IVF results in multiple births?
The prime reason for multiple pregnancies as a result of IVF is because of transferring many embryos at the same time. In the hope of achieving a better possibility of success, doctors sometimes routinely transferred multiple embryos. The main reason behind this is that most of the embryos can have chromosomal abnormalities, i.e., they are not actually viable. This is applicable in both the cases whether the embryo is conceived naturally or through the assistance process, IVF. With the increase in women’s age, the proportion of abnormal eggs increases as well. The reason behind this is that the quality of eggs tends to decline over the years. With the hope that at least one of the embryos would survive, doctors place two or more embryos inside the uterus simultaneously thinking that it would increase the rate of pregnancy. This lead to cases of multiple pregnancies as most of the times, more than one embryo get successfully implanted.
How can we avoid the chances of twins because of IVF?
Most of the leading experts in the field of fertility now go for eSET (elective single embryo transfer) and consider it to be the best practice for most of the IVF cycles. During the ovarian stimulation process, sometimes the woman may produce a large number of eggs and also can have a considerable number of viable embryos available. And the doctor still may suggest transferring only one embryo.
Every IVF cycle is one of a kind and never can we have a single answer that it is right for all. The women going through IVF cycle and her doctor can assess the risks and analyse the benefits of eSET in comparison to multiple transfers in her case. In some of the cases, fertility doctors can still go for transferring more than one embryo. This is mostly seen in the cases of older patients who already had multiple failed attempts.
It is the priceless moment for a woman to give birth to a new life from her womb. During the period of pregnancy, she dreams of so many things in this period. The feeling in the mind of the woman about how the fetus is developing, what she is doing and how big is the baby in the womb. Other family members also take care of women during this time.
Which time is better for pregnancy?
Time of ovulation (egg in fallopian tube) is beneficial to have sexual intercourse. It is most likely to have the chance of fertilization of sperm and egg. Within 5-6 days of fertilization in the tube, the embryo sticks to the surface by entering the uterus which is called as transplant, during which women may experience light bleeding or spotting, which is normal. The womb is born in the uterus and is fully prepared to develop itself.
How to know that you are pregnant?
Generally the woman does not get to know that she has conceived in the beginning, after the fourth week of the previous period, if there is no menstruation, then the pregnancy test should be done. If test comes positive, then it may cause some weakness, fatigue, sudden mood swings and vomiting. As the embryo develops, the water sac (amniotic sac) starts to form around it, which works as pillows for it. During this time, placenta (organs similar to a round disk) begins to form and it connects the mother and infant (embryo) through which the nutrients pass from mother to the baby.
How Baby grows?
First month– The face of the baby starts to shape, mouth, eyes, lower jaw and throat are also form and blood cells begin to form to start blood flow. By the end of the first month, the size of the embryo is smaller than rice grain.
• Second month – The face develops more, gradually the two ears begin to form, both hands – legs and their fingers, the dietary tubes and bones are also starts. The baby’s beating can be seen through sonography in the sixth week. A neural tube forming the brain and spinal cord, the ability to feel develops in fetus. By the end of this month the infant develops to 1.5 cm and weighs around 1 gram.
Third month– Important for the development of infant, also called period of organogenesis. By this time, the face of the infant, ears, hands and feet will have been completely formed. Nails begin to form and genitalia begin to grow. By the end of this month the heart, arteries, liver and urinary systems start working. The length of the baby is 5.4 centimeters and the weight is 4 grams.Woman has to take special care of her as this is the critical period of development. If there is any problem, then you should not take medicines without a doctor’s consult. The woman begins to have emotional attachment to the baby by this period.
• Fourth month– Eyes, eyebrow, nails and reproductive organs develop. Tooth and bones begin to grow stronger. Now the baby starts swirling, turning the thumb etc. This month, the Fetal Doppler machine can hear baby’s beating for the first time. Generally, the doctors give you the date of delivery, the weight of the baby is 100 grams and the length is 11.5 centimeters.
Fifth month– Head hair starts forming, shoulder, waist and ears are covered with hair. These hairs are very soft and brown. These hairs fall by the first week after birth. By this time the infant’s muscles develop and start the stir which the mother can feel. By the end of the month weight weighs 300 grams and length 16.5 centimeters.
• Sixth month– The baby’s color is red from which the arteries can be seen. At this time, the ability of the baby to feel is increases and he feels the sound of music and gives feedback on it. By the end of this month, it weighs 600 grams and lengths to 30 centimeters.
• Seventh month – Fat increases in the baby, its ability to hear his voice increases further, gives his reaction to the light and keeps changing his position as quickly as possible. By this time the infant has developed so much that if there is a pre-maturity delivery for some reason then he can survive.
• Eighth month – The movement of the baby increases more and the mother can feel very well. At this time, the brain develops rapidly and it can also see with the hearing. The development of all other physical organs except the lungs has been completed. In this month the baby weighs 1700 grams and the length is 42 cm.
Ninth month – Baby’s lungs are also completely formed. The movement increases, the blinking of the eyelids, the eyes closed and head rotates and the ability to catch is also developed. By the end of this month, the movement of the baby starts decreasing due to less space in the uterus. At this time, the baby weighs 2600 grams and length 47.6 centimeters.
Now the baby is ready to come into the world and starts coming down slowly. Normally the baby’s head comes out first at birth. Traveling from a woman’s pregnancy to a child’s world is unique and has many types of experiences.
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The need for IVF comes when a couple is having trouble to have baby, and then failure of IVF becomes another cause for disappointment. It is not easy to accept that you cannot have a baby after all the possible efforts. But this is not the end to possibilities. The first failed IVF cycle provide us with the information to make the next IVF treatment successful. Several issues seen in a previously unsuccessful IVF attempt may be addressed to eliminate or reduce the possibility of a single issue occurring in a second attempt with IVF.
There is a lot of grief and pain, most of the people start blaming one another. Was the doctor negligent or simply incompetent? Or has the patient neglected the health instructions given to him/ her? The reality is that we can understand a lot by a failed cycle. It is therefore important to generate a process, and to evaluate the redundant IVF cycle for improvement of the success rate in subsequent effort.
Give yourself time and allow grieving:
The heartbreaking news of the failing of your IVF cycle is quite disappointing. It is okay and natural to feel that way. It is necessary to take time to deal with the hurt caused to you; otherwise the feelings of depression will not go away.
Keep yourself away from the blame-game:
It is obvious that after a failed cycle of IVF one can expect some degree of anger and anxiety, let it fade away, or it can be disastrous. You need to understand the actual reason of failure of the cycle. And avoid any thoughts of blaming each other. Usually the patient starts blaming God for their distressed situation but it also will not help. You need to keep yourself very much away from such blame-games.
Consultation with experts:
Consultation with a fertility specialist can be extremely beneficial. Many people gain a lot of strength by attending counselling sessions with fertility experts or family counsellors. As low as you may feel there is always a ray of hope.
Get focused on your follow-ups with the fertility specialists:
Whenever you feel that you are ready, you should make appointment with fertility specialist to review the cycle. Get all your doubts about the success rate, failure chances about second IVF effort and understand the differences. Avoid making any decisions until you take follow-up with your doctor. By this you will be able to understand the required changes that are needed to incorporate into the protocol to help you in later cycle. Your doctor may suggests some new techniques and few more fertility screening to be get done.
Apply changes to your lifestyle:
New fertile lifestyle activates your brain for the new and better strategies that are being introduced to the body, so it can expect better results. These changes can be as quitting alcohol and smoking, exercising, Weight management, healthy diet, etc.
Take care of your relationship:
As with any painful trauma, an unsuccessful IVF cycle put a lot of grief and depression in your mind and can interfere with your relationship. For some couples, the relationship itself may be less important than the goal of having a child. Remember to support your relationship with your partner, spend more time together and understand each other’s pain. The love between you as couple is very important to nurture a new life as parent.
“Do we need to update IVF protocols to use semen from shorter periods of abstinence?”
Introduction: Men have usually been advised to limit sexual activity to increase the chances of pregnancy. A new study suggests sperm quality and pregnancy outcomes in IVF may be improved with frequent ejaculation.
Summary: Research carried out Da Li et aVaimed to determine the effects of a short period of abstinence on the quality of ejaculated sperm, as well as its effect on the pregnancy outcomes of 500 couples undergoing EVE Major molecular differences were seen between samples of semen depending on the duration of abstinence. Ejaculates from short (1-3 hours) compared with long (3-7 days) periods of abstinence showed increases in motile sperm count, sperm vitality, normal sperm morphology, acrosome reaction capacity, total antioxidant capacity, sperm mitochondria’ membrane potential, high DNA stainability and a decrease in the sperm DNA fragmentation index (P<0.05). Sperm proteomic analysis showed 322 differentially expressed proteins (minimal fold change of ±1.5 or greater and P < 0.05), with 224 up-regulated and 98 down-regulated. These differentially expressed proteins are profoundly involved in specific cellular processes, such as motility and capacitation, oxidative stress and metabolism. Interestingly, protein trimethyllysine modification was increased and butyryllysine, propionyllysine and malonyllysine modifications were decreased in ejaculates from a short versus long abstinence (P < 0.051 Finally, the rates of implantation, clinical pregnancy and live births from in vitro fertilization treatments were significantly increased (by one-third in this study) in semen samples after a short abstinence. This study provides preliminary mechanistic insights into improved sperm quality and pregnancy outcomes associated with spermatozoa retrieved after a short ejaculatory abstinence.
Conclusion: These results collectively suggest that having more frequent sex produces sperm of a better quality and increases the likelihood of a successful pregnancy. Specifically, semen samples collected after only one to three hours of abstinence contained more motile sperm with a higher reproductive potential than samples collected after men who had abstained for three to seven days.
References*: Zi-Qi Shen, Bei Shi, Tian-Ren Wang, Liao Liao, Xuejun Shang, Qi-fun Wu, Yi-Ming Zhou, Tie-Feng Can, Qiang Du, Xiu-Xia Wang and Da Li. Characterization of the Sperm Proteome and Reproductive Outcomes with in Vitro Fertilization after a Reduction in Male Ejaculatory Abstinence Period. Molecular & Cellular Protearnics August 20, 2018, mcp.RA117.000541; https://doi.org/10.1074/mep.RA11 2000541
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